MRI Technique Unveils Key Insights into Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation

[jeffrenvba]

Rechargeable batteries power many of the devices that make modern life convenient and efficient. Among them, lithium-ion batteries are widely used due to their low cost and high operating voltage, making them ideal for consumer electronics and electric vehicles. However, their performance deteriorates over time, and safety concerns grow as they age.

One of the main contributors to this decline is the dissolution of metal ions from the cathode into the battery's electrolyte. Despite its significance, studying this process has been challenging due to the minuscule amounts involved. To address this, researchers need to pinpoint where, when, and how much dissolution occurs to develop effective solutions.
Real-Time Visualization of Metal Ion Dissolution

A research team at Tohoku University has developed a method to detect and analyze metal ion dissolution in lithium-ion batteries using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their breakthrough, published in Communications Materials on February 13, 2025, allows researchers to observe this process in real time with high sensitivity.

“The results of our study demonstrate that MRI can detect even minute amounts of manganese (Mn) dissolution with remarkable accuracy, providing real-time visualization that can significantly accelerate battery research,” explains Nithya Hellar, a researcher at the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM) at Tohoku University.

MRI, commonly used in medical imaging, relies on magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed scans. To enhance visibility, contrast agents like gadolinium are often used due to their paramagnetic properties. The researchers leveraged a similar principle, as the dissolved Mn²⁺ from the spinel-type LiMn₂O₄ cathode in a commercial LiPF₆ EC:DMC electrolyte is also paramagnetic. This meant that any dissolution would appear as an increase in MRI signal intensity—exactly what the team observed.
Testing an Alternative Electrolyte System

Beyond identifying dissolution, the researchers explored whether an alternative electrolyte could suppress the process. They tested the LiTFSI MCP electrolyte system, developed by scientists at the MEET Battery Research Center at the University of Münster in Germany. Using MRI, they monitored the system for signs of manganese dissolution. The absence of any significant increase in MRI signal intensity suggested that the alternative electrolyte effectively prevented metal ion loss.

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“This method provides a powerful tool for investigating metal ion dissolution across various electrochemical systems and under different conditions, including changes in electrolyte composition, electrode materials, and additives,” says Junichi Kawamura, Emeritus Professor at Tohoku University.
Future Implications for Battery Research

The ability to directly observe metal ion dissolution in real time marks a major advancement in lithium-ion battery research. This technique not only enhances the understanding of degradation mechanisms but also enables the rapid testing of alternative battery technologies.

“We believe our approach can finally answer the long-standing questions of when, where, and how metal ion dissolution occurs in lithium-ion battery electrodes,” says Hellar. “Moreover, this method has the potential to be applied to other electrochemical systems, paving the way for improved battery designs and performance.”

With further development, MRI-based diagnostics could become an essential tool in the quest for safer, longer-lasting batteries, benefiting industries ranging from consumer electronics to electric mobility and renewable energy storage.